NEUROLOGY
Etiology
Idiopathic
Brain injury
Tumors
Infections
Metabolic abnormalities
Pathogenesis
Hyperexcitable neurons → abnormal synchronized firing
Imbalance of excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) pathways
Clinical Features
Focal or generalized seizures
Aura
Postictal confusion
Tongue biting, incontinence (generalized tonic-clonic)
Treatment
Antiepileptics (levetiracetam, valproate, carbamazepine)
Treat underlying causes
Surgery for refractory cases
Safety precautions