Course
NEPHROLOGY

Chronic Kidney Disease

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Etiology

  • Diabetes mellitus (most common)

  • Hypertension

  • Glomerulonephritis

  • Polycystic kidney disease

Pathogenesis

  • Progressive nephron loss → hyperfiltration → glomerular sclerosis

  • Accumulation of toxins → uremia

  • Impaired endocrine functions (EPO, vitamin D)

Clinical Features

  • Fatigue, anorexia, nausea (uremia)

  • Anemia

  • Electrolyte disturbances: hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis

  • Bone disease (renal osteodystrophy)

  • Proteinuria

Treatment

  • Control diabetes & BP (ACE inhibitors/ARBs)

  • Manage complications (EPO, phosphate binders, vitamin D analogs)

  • Dietary modification (low sodium, potassium, phosphorus)

  • Dialysis or transplant in end-stage disease