GASTROENTEROLOGY
Etiology
H. pylori infection
NSAIDs
Stress ulcers (ICU)
Smoking, alcohol
Pathogenesis
Disruption of mucosal barrier → acid/pepsin causes ulceration
H. pylori produces urease and cytotoxins → inflammation
Diagnosis
Endoscopy (gold standard)
H. pylori tests (urea breath test, stool antigen)
Treatment
Triple therapy: PPI + clarithromycin + amoxicillin
Stop NSAIDs
PPIs for 4–8 weeks