NEPHROLOGY
Etiology
• Ischemia (shock, sepsis, hypotension)
• Nephrotoxins (aminoglycosides, radiocontrast, myoglobin)
Pathogenesis
• Tubular epithelial cell injury → tubular necrosis → AKI
Clinical features
• Oliguria, fatigue
• Mild proteinuria, muddy brown casts
• Hyperkalemia
Lab findings
• ↑ Serum creatinine, ↑ BUN
• Urine: muddy brown granular casts
• Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) >2%
Treatment
• Supportive: fluids, correct electrolytes
• Dialysis if severe