NEPHROLOGY
Etiology
Calcium oxalate (most common)
Uric acid
Struvite (infection-related)
Cystine
Pathogenesis
Supersaturation of urine with stone-forming salts
Crystallization → nidus formation → stone growth
Obstruction → hydronephrosis, pain
Clinical Features
Severe flank pain radiating to groin
Hematuria
Nausea, vomiting
Restlessness
Possible infection (fever)
Treatment
Analgesia (NSAIDs)
Hydration
Medical expulsive therapy (tamsulosin)
Lithotripsy for larger stones
Surgery if obstructed + infection